Friday, September 18, 2020

Kalman to Kunigunde

King Coloman of Hungary
the Bookish, Bookish Kalman:
--"King 'Bookish' Coloman (in Hungarian, 'Könyves' Kálmán, who reigned from 1095-1116) was a learned and progressive monarch; literature and the legal system flourished under his rule, hence his nickname. He went down in history as an enlightened ruler who did away with the witch trials as he declared, 'there are no witches.' . . . Coloman suffered from physical handicaps, was 'half-blind, a hunchback, crippled and a stutterer,' but this did not prevent him from making significant conquests for his country." (Hargittai. Budapest Scientific: A Guidebook: 6)
--" . . . His successor - his nephew -, Kalman (also referred to as Koloman), according to one source, was “disheveled, hirsute, half‑blind, hunchbacked and lame,” and if only half of this is true, it is too much. He buried himself in books like a bookworm (this is where he received the name Bookish Kalman from), and he further solidified the legal system of Hungary by introducing very strict measures of punishment to protect private property. According to one of his laws for instance, whoever stole a hen (chicken), one of his/her arms was cut off." (Dallaszi Magyar Szó)
the Learned, the Learned King Coloman: "Coloman won the admiration of his contemporaries and posterity, not merely as a leader of armies, but as a ruler whose great erudition and wise laws served to perpetuate his memory. These qualities obtained for him the epithet 'Konyves' (bookish) or learned King Coloman. The chronicles extol him for putting a stop by process of law to the prosecution of witches . . . He bestowed great care upon the administration of justice. . . ." (The Story of Hungary: 115)
Karageorge
@Wikipedia

Karageorge (Black George):
--"Kara,' as nickname, underlines Mustafa's swarthy complexion. About his character the opinions vary. He may be courteous as well as arrogant. His household was celebrated for the splendor of his stables and horses, his concubines, and the grandiosity of the buildings. He had the reputation of being a great soldier, a great courtier, and an active genius. . . ." (Vico. Statecraft: The Deeds of Antonio Carafa: 420)
--"The time has now come to introduce . . . a very remarkable man, the hero of Servian independence. This man was George Petrovitch, or, as the Turks called him, and as he is more familiarly known, Kara George. Kara George was the son of a peasant in the neighborhood of Belgrade. He was a rude, uncultured child of nature, fired with the fiercest resentment at the wrongs of his country and his people, with very indefinite ideas in regard to the moral character of his acts, capable of great things for evil as well as for good, and displaying from his youth up to those high and commanding qualities which him the saviour of his people, and gave him a great name in his country's history. . . ." (Clark. The Races of European Turkey: 387)
--"That is, Black George. His appellation, of the same meaning, among his own countrymen was Tzerni George. 'This man,' forcibly observes Dr. Coly, 'was one of the bold creations of wild countries and troubled times--beings of impetuous courage, iron strength, original talent, and doubtful morality.'" (Clark. The Races of European Turkey: 387)

Blessed Charles:
the Saint:

the Imam of the Atomic Age: "In light of the sentiments expressed in his grandfather's will, the Āgā Khān has sometimes been referred to by Ismailis as the Imam of the Atomic Age."

Karl I of Austria (Emperor).
the Blessed: 
the Christian Statesman (by Pope John Paul II):
the Christian Statesman:
the Servant of God:

the Achilles of Guelders: " . . . This young man, called Charles of Egmont, and who is honoured in the history of his country under the title of the Achilles of Guelders, fell into the hands of the French during the combat in which he made his first essay in arms. The town of Guelders unanimously joined to pay his ransom; and as soon as he was at liberty, they one and all proclaimed him duke. The emperor Philip and the Germanic diet in vain protested against this measure, and declared Charles a usurper. The spirit of justice and of liberty spoke more loudly than the thunders of their ban; and the people resolved to support to the last this scion of an ancient race, glorious in much of its conduct, though often criminal in many of its members. Charles of Egmont found faithful friends in his devoted subjects; and he maintained his rights, sometimes with, sometimes without, the assistance of France, ---making up for his want of numbers by energy and enterprise... But amidst all the consequent troubles of such a struggle, it is marvellous to find Charles of Egmont upholding his country in a state of high prosperity, and leaving it at his death almost as rich as Holland itself." (Grattan: 64) (See also Hare: 120)

the Squire:

Karl of Bretzenheim.
Augustus (Fr. Auguste):

the Diamond Duke:
the Duke of Diamonds: 

Karl II of Schwarzenberg.
the Governor: 

A Discrowned Glutton: 
A Second Charlemagne:
the Emperor:
the Father of Bohemia:
--"After quickly restoring royal castles, prerogatives, and other rights, reestablishing order, and quelling the rebellious barons, Charles invited his wife, Blanche, to join him in Prague and then began the long and successful campaign to rebuild the kingdom on an autonomous, prosperous, and just footing that would earn him the title 'Father of Bohemia.'. . . ." (Musto: 271)
--"During the reign of John of Luxembourg's son Charles IV, the Czech lands experienced the Golden Age of their history. Charles IV was a highly educated man (he spoke five languages), an excellent diplomat and a very good king. He established Prague as the cultural capital of central Europe and made it one of the most prosperous European cities at the time. The Czech language was promoted to the official language in the country along with Latin and German, and the position of Bohemia became very strong.
the Father of the Country:
the Father of the Czech Nation:
--"Charles IV loved Prague and the city flourished during his rule. The Prague bishopric was upgraded to an archbishopric and when the king was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor in 1355, Prague's status increased to the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. Many building projects were started during Charles' reign, including the St. Vitus Cathedral. In 1348, Prague's New Town (Nové město) was founded, the Charles University was established to become the first university in Central Europe, and the Karlštejn castle was founded to protect the imperial jewels and other treasures. The construction of Charles Bridge began in 1357 at the place where Judith Bridge once stood (it collapsed in a flood in 1342).Charles IV was just as noble - but much more practical than his caravanting father had been, and he took a keen interest in all aspects of rule over the Czech lands. Charles IV was not really named Charles. He was named Wenceslas IV - but he had been reared at the French court, and everyone there called him Charles, and so the name stuck. (His son, who succeeded him on the Czech throne, was also named Wenceslas IV, and this sometimes leads to some confusion.) When Charles IV came to power, he was still very young. Since he'd been raised in France, he didn't speak Czech. Wicked advisors surrounded the young king, and attempted to usurp the real rule of Bohemia while leaving young Charles IV in place as a figurehead. Charles IV may have been young, but he was no dummy. He spoke 5 languages fluently (at a time when many crowned heads could not even read and write), and he was a masterful diplomat. He also had friends in  high places - Pope Klement, who was elected during Charles IV's reign, had been the Czech sovereign's tutor at the court in Paris. Charles IV was very clever, very devout, and very savvy. He was also a lover of art and a collector of holy relics (which he kept under lock and key all year long except for Easter, when he paraded them through the country like a travelling circus). The medieval Czech state reached the zenith of its power and importance Charles IV. He was the King of Bohemia, later also Holy Roman Emperor, and today he is known as the Father of the Czech Nation."
--"Charles IV is remembered as the most beloved Czech king and 'the father of the Czech nation.' . . ."
--"The medieval Czech state reached the zenith of its power and importance Charles IV. He was the King of Bohemia, later also Holy Roman Emperor, and today he is known as the Father of the Czech Nation." (Radio Prague)
the Father of the Fatherland: " . . . Czech and German national historians conducted long debates over Charles's nationality. The rhetorical epithet used at his funeral oration, 'father of this fatherland' (pater patriae), was turned by Maximilian I into the jibe that he was 'stepfather to the empire.'. . . ." (Agnew: 33)
the Parson's Emperor (Ger. Pfaffen-Kaiser):
the Pope's King, the Popish King:
the Sleeping Hero:
the Stepfather to the Empire:

Carlos I of Spain
A Second Charlemagne:
the Harlequin (by Francois I of France):



Karl Knutsson Bonde:

the King of the Peasants
----". . . . Charles XI, often called the ‘King of the Peasants’, had announced his intention to abolish serfdom in Estonian crown manors when the reduction started, as serfdom was peculiar to Baltic provinces. After the peasants of the former private lands had become king’s subjects their legal status changed, to the extent that one might speak of the abolition of serfdom on reduced holdings. . . ."
the Peasant King:
----"With his daring social reforms of 1680-1696 the revolutionary  King Char­les XI gave new meaning to the life of Latvian and Estonian peasants. The German Lords nicknamed him contemptuously 'Peasant King.' These acts of his, in their juridical courage and social justice, have few equals in 17th century Europe. He carried out the so-called Reduction of Estates. According to this, about five-sixths of the Manors, all those that had once given admi­nistrative or military service and since 1550 were just privately managed by Knights of the Teutonic Order or vassals of the Bishops, were taken over by the State and given out on hereditary lease. The service that every peasant had to give was definitely fixed and stated in an official document, the so-called Work Roll. Land was surveyed and revalued. . . ."

Demirbash (Head of Iron): ". . . Baron Gorthusen remarked, that the Turks did not mix in their cries any injurious reflections against the king, but that they only called him 'Demirbash' (head of iron). . . ." 
Fixed Asset Charles (Tur. Demirbaş Şarl): 
Habitue (Tur. Demirbaş Şarl):
the Alexander of the North: "It took one great 'military hero' to throw the whole Swedish Great Power into utter shambles. Charles XII (Karl XII) went to history as the Alexander of the North and the Last Viking. Charles' military adventures are without doubt an exciting read; the battle of Narva in 1700, saw the overthrow of a far superior Russian enemy, the campaign in Poland and Saxony, where he retook Sweden's leading position in Germany. . . ."
the Brilliant Madman: 
the Don Quixote of the North:
the Iron Head: 
the Last Viking:"Charles XII (1697-1718), 'the last Viking,' and Russia's Czar Peter the Great (1698-1725) were the major protagonists, conclusively resolved the struggle for Baltic hegemony. Charles was an ingenious field marshal but a poor politician, and his diplomatic incompetence offset his military ingenuity. . . ."
the Madman of Europe: "His tactics ranged from the impetuous to the downright insane at times–not for nothing was he known as the Madman of Europe. Like Hannibal, he almost always was outnumbered in battle, and still he won usually. Totally fearless, he was described as a berserker and a knight errant in one, and he could inspire his men to incredible heroic feats. Yet he was described by one contemporary as gentle as a lamb, shy as a nun."

Karl XIV Johan of Sweden.
the Gascon: 


the God-given: 

the Good and Holy: " . . . Charles the Good, count of Flanders, was killed on the 2nd of March, by a body of conspirators in the church of Bruges where he was a prayers. This prince had been surnamed the Good and Holy by the priests, and perhaps by the populace. . . ." (Sismondi: 239)

the Beloved Sir (Pol. Panie Kochanku):
the Daring Lord:

Charles I of Hungary 
Carobert
the Hammer

Carlo III of Naples
Charles of Durazzo 
de la Poix 
the Little:
the Short: "Attila the Hun was a dwarf. Pepin the Short, Aesop, Gregory of Tours, Charles III of Naples, and the Pasha Hussain were all shorter than three and a half feet." (Botham. The Book of Useless Information: 17)

Katarina Kosaca-Kotromanic, Queen of Bosnia (1425-1478)
Catherine of St. Sava
Katarina Vukcic Kosaca
the Blessed
the Black Queen
the Last Queen of Bosnia
the Sad Queen.

Katharina Schratt

Mother Katy: "Joachim's brother Hans of Kustrin had a very different wife. Seven years before he was a PRotestant he was betrothed at the age of sixteen to Katharina, daughter of the strenuous opponent of Protestants, Heinrich of Brunswick, and married her when he was twenty-three. When he became a decided Protestant she went with him . . . But she had ideas about industry for the prosperity of the people. Granted an estate she imported into it Dutch textile workers and then built a paper mill and a printing press, and remained the manager of the 'new town' and its various concerns. The people loved her and called her 'Mother Katy'." (The Early Reformation on the Continent: 29)

Katherine Fitzgerald Countess of Desmond.
the Old Countess of Desmond: "The Countess of Desmond lived during the reigns of Edward IV---during whose reign she married---of Edward V, Richard III, Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth, and she died in the second year of the reign of James I." (Blackburne. Illustrious Irishwomen: 79)

Katheryn of Berain (1534-1591)
Catrin of Berain
Katheryn Tudor
the Mother of Wales (Welsh Mam Cymru)
[Bio1]
"...Katheryn of Berain (born Katheryn Tewdwr, 1534-1591) (was) grand-daughter of Henry VII and second cousin to Queen Elizabeth. Katheryn was later called ‘Mam Cymru’, the Mother of Wales, because of her vast numbers of descendants." (BBC - Local Legends)

"Catrin of Berain (1534-1591), the daughter of Tudor ap Robert Vychan and Jane Vielville, was a handsome, wealthy and intelligent woman who married four different powerful husbands during the 16th century. Variously named Katherine, Katheryn, Catherine and Catrin, and of the surname of Tewdr, Tudur or Tudor, Catrin Tudor was a descendant of an ancient Welsh patrician family. She was descended from Henry VII, the first ruler of the royal House of Tudor.

"As her six children had been borne by high profile husbands, and because she had around sixteen step children, about thirty-two grandchildren, and scores of descendants, Catrin has often been labeled "Mam Cymru" which translates into "Mother of Wales". Coincidentally, the Isle of Anglesey is known as "Mon Mam Cymru" or "Mona Mother of Wales" which was able to supply the entire population of Wales with vegetables, grains, herbs and fruit in ancient times. " (Williams in BBC -Wales)

Kazimierz I of Poland.
the Peacemaker
the Reformer
the Restorer:

Kazimierz II of Poland
der Gegürtete 
the Belted 
the Just:

Kazimierz III of Poland
the Great: " . . . Casimir the Great—for such he was justly called by his grateful subjects—also meritoriously earned the title of " Polish Justinian," on account of the wise and salutary legal reforms which he made in the jurisprudence of his country. He was one of Poland's great and good sovereigns, and did more for the improvement of his subjects and country than any other sovereign, except Sobieski. He was the devoted friend of the slaves; and did all in his power to relieve their misfortunes, and improve their degraded condition. Like many other benefactors of men, his worthy character was the target of slander; but his superior moral excellence secured him immortal fame." (Saxton: 89)

the Henry IV of Poland: " . . . These laws of Casimir the Great, the Henry IV of Poland, won him the honourable nickname of 'Peasant King.' (Buchheim: 49)

the Justinian of Poland, the Polish Justinian:
--" . . . Casimir III, was called the Polish Justinian, as he made a complete code of the laws, appointed regular courts of justice, and by his regard for the happiness of the lower orders, obtained the appellation of king of the serfs. With all his good qualities, he seems to have been gay and licentious." (American Education Society: 98)

--"At the Diet of Wislica, March 11, 1347, he introduced salutary legal reforms in the jurisprudence of his country; he sanctioned a code of laws for Great and Little Poland, which gained for him the title of 'the Polish Justinian'. . . ." (Jewish Encyclopedia)

the King of the Peasants, Peasant King, Peasants' King:
----"Ladislaus was succeeded by his son Casimir III, who has earned among his countrymen the appellation of the great, and also that of the peasants' king (Krol Chlopow). The material prosperity of the country increased under his rule. Commerce was developed, and Cracow and Danzig became members of the Hanseatic League. . . Casimir in 1364 laid the foundation of the University of Cracow by the establishment in the village of Wawel . . . a studium generale of the three faculties---law, medicine, and philosophy.  But the attempt did not succeed;  there was a lack of professors, and no definite results of teaching were obtained. . . ." (Morfillz: 40)

----" . . . Kazimierz befriended the peasants (hence becoming known as 'Krol Chlopi'; the 'Peasant's King'. . . ."  (The Great Dynasties)

----"Casimir the Third of Poland, called the "the Great", King of Poland from 1333 to 1370, consolidating Great and Little Poland, Mazovia, and Red Ruthenia into a large Polish state. He was known for his statecraft and diplomacy, as well as for his code of law and his consideration for the non-noble (one of his nicknames was "The Peasant King"). However, he apparently had no legitimate heirs to his lands; he had no surviving male issue, and because of a trifling dispute over his second marriage (his first wife being still alive when the marriage took place) his daughters by that marriage had to be legitimated." (The Union of Jadwiga and Jagiello)

King of Poland, 1447
Grand Duke of Lithuania, 1440 
the Jagiellonian

Kazimierz of Poland (1458-1484)
St. Kazimierz of Poland
Patron Saint of Poland
Patron Saint of Lithuania
Patron Saint of the Young 
the Peacemaker
[Bio1:26-30] [Bio2]

Kenneth MacAlpin:


Kenneth MacKenzie, 8th Lord of Kintail.
Kenneth of the Battle: 

Kenneth MacCoinneach, 4th Lord of Kintail.
Kenneth of the Nose: 

Kenneth MacKenzie, 10th Lord of Kintail.
Kenneth of the Whittle: 

Ketevan the Martyr Queen
the Saint [13] [11] [14]

Alice Gwynne:
Kiki Preston
the Girl with the Silver Syringe.

Clemens Augustus, Count of Galen.
Blessed von Galen of Münster
the Lion of Munster:"Blessed von Galen of Münster, Germany, has gained legendary status due to his outspokenness against the Nazi regime’s euthanasia and persecution of the Catholic Church. His seemingly hard-line attitude towards these policies that contradicted Christian morals has gained him international popularity. He . . . acquired the nickname the "Lion of Münster" and is now one step away from sainthood. Though his renown, both during his life and posthumously, is widespread, it is debatable to what extent his outspokenness can be classified as resistance." (Bishop von Galen: A Catholic Leader Who Spoke Out)

Mon Prince (by Dorothea, Princesse von Lieven)
the Autocrat of Austria: "A nickname given to Prince Clemens Wenzel Lothar Metternich, the Austrian statesman, who vigorously repressed all popular institutions, tried to prevent freedom of speech and act, and was in favor of establishing thorough despotism." (Frey. Sobriquets and Nicknames: 22)
Canute and Ælfgifu cropped (Canute).jpg
Canute of Denmark
the King of Six Nations
@Wikipedia
Canute of Denmark:
Cnut of Denmark:
the Great:
the King of the Six Nations: "After his visit to Rome, Canute ruled with greater mildness and justice than ever before, while his armies kept the turbulent Scotch and Welsh and the unquiet peoples of the north in order. In the latter part of his reign he could boast that the English, the Scotch, the Welsh, the Danes, the Swedes, and the Norwegians were his subjects, and he was called in consequence 'The King of the Six Nations,' and looked upon throughout Europe as the greatest sovereigns; none of the kings and emperors of that continent being equal in power, wealth and width of dominion to King Canute, a descendant of the vikings of Denmark." (Morris: 101)
the Rich:

the Champion of Christ (Lat. Athleta Christi):
"The same motif recurs in the detailed Life of St. Canute written by Aelnoth sometime before 1117: Canute, too, is awarded the epithet 'Athleta Christi', and we are treated to an ingenious justification for Canute's invasion of England. . . ." (Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe: 171)

the Danes' Joy (Dan. Dan-Ast): " . . . Gorm himself never forsook the faith of his forefathers, and his eldest son Knud, called 'Dan-Ast,' or the 'Danes'-joy,' was also a pagan." (Scandinavian History: 46)

the Upright

Konrad of Silesia, Prince of Silesia (1198-1213)
Konrad the Curly (Pol.Konrad Kedzierzawy)

Konrad I of Altdorf, Bishop of Konstanz, 934–975
the Saint

Konrad I of Carinthia
the Elder

Konrad I of Mazovia, Duke of Mazovia, 1194-1247 (1187-1247)
the Mazovian (Pol. Mazowiecki)

"...Piast Duke of Mazovia and Kujavia...(who) inherited these lands as a younger son of Duke Kazimierz Sprawiedliwy (the Just)...." (Lerski, et. al., p. 264)

Konrad I of Meissen (1098–1157)
Margrave of Meissen, 1123-1156
the Great:
the Pious:
the Rich:

Konrad I von Nuremberg
the Pious

Konrad I von Peilstein (1114–1168)
der Rauhe
the Pacific

Konrad I of Silesia (1294-1366)
Duke of Zagan, Olesnica, 1309-1366

Konrad of Olesnica
(Pol. Konrad Olesnicki)

Konrad II of Bavaria
the Salian

Konrad II of Carinthia
the Young, the Younger

Holy Roman Emperor, 1027
the New Charlemagne
the Salian

"...Conrad...founded the imperial Salian dynasty... His biographer Wipo called him the new Charlemagne...." (Bradbury, p.26)

Duke of Scinawa, 1278-1284, Duke of Zagan, 1284-1304
Konrad the Hunchback (Pol. Konrad Garbaty)

Duke of Olesnica, Kozle, Bytom & Scinawa, 1366-1403
Konrad Olesnicki
Konrad the Grey (Pol. Konrad Siwy)
der Groe Hirre

Konrad III of Mazovia (1448–1503)
the Red (Pol. Rudy)

Konrad III of Silesia (1359–1412)
Duke of Olesnica, Kozle, Bytom & Scinawa, 1377-1412
Konrad the Old (Pol. Konrad Stary)

Konrad IV of Bavaria
the Child

Konrad IV of Silesia (1384–1447)
Duke of Olesnica, Kozle, Bytom & Scinawa, 1412-1447
Bishop of Wroclaw, 1417

Konrad the Older (Pol. Konrad Starszy)
Bishop Starzsy

Konrad V of Silesia (1385–1439)
Duke of Olesnica, Kozle, Bytom & Scinawa, 1412-1439
Konrad Kantner (Pol. Konrad Kacki)

Konrad VI of Silesia (c1391-1427)
Konrad the Dean 

Konrad VII of Silesia
the Elder Sage

Konrad VII of Silesia (1396–1445)
Duke of Olesnica, Bytom & Scinawa, 1416-1450
Konrad the White (Pol. Konrad Bialy)

Konrad VIII of Silesia (1397–1444)
Duke of Olesnica, Kozle, Bytom & Scinawa, 1416-1444
the Knight
the Younger

Konrad IX of Silesia-Oels 1450-1471
the White

Konrad IX of Silesia (1415-1471)
Duke of Olesnica, Kozle, Bytom & Scinawa, 1450-1471
Konrad the Black (Pol. Konrad Czarny)

Konrad IX of Silesia-Oels
the Young, the Younger

Konrad X of Silesia (1420-1492)
Duke of Olesnica, Kosle, Bytom & Scinawa, 1450-1492
Konrad the White (Pol. Konrad Bialy)
Konrad the Younger White (Pol. Konrad Bialy Mlodszy)

Konstantin I of Moscow (1216–1218)
the Book-Lover

Konstantin of Murom
the Holy and Blessed
the Saint [17]

Konstantin of Rostov
the Good
the Wise

Konstantin I of Rostov (1207–1218)

Konstantin II of Uglich 1407–1433
the Young, the Younger

Konstantinos I of Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX

Konstantinos V of the Byzantine Empire
the Dung-Named (Gr. Kopronymus)
the Pisser

"Constantine V is one of the most notorious Byzantine emperors, but also one of the most intriguing. His notoriety stems from the fact that he was an Iconoclast and thus received hostile treatment in Iconophile sources composed after his death, such as the Chronicle of Theophanes, the Life of Stephen the Younger, and the Antirrhetici of the patriarch Nikephoros. From texts such as these he emerges as an archetypal wicked tyrant, branded with derogatory nicknames, and renowned especially for his brutal treatment of monks. Despite these biased sources it is clear that there was far more to Constantine: he reigned for a long period of time, achieved notable successes against the Arabs and the Bulgars, and could be thought to have presided over a Golden Age. Ironically Nikephoros's own Brief History conveys this more positive take on the emperor, even recording the view that Constantine was a 'new Midas' Undoubtedly the emperor is someone we would like to know much more about, but we are constrained by the limited and problematic evidence. The conflicting impressions of the emperor can leave us with a complex image of the man: he can be seen as 'highly strung' but also as an individual endowed with 'personal magnetism'." (Tougher)

"Leo, in his youthful days, had married Irene, the daughter of the Khan of the Khazars. From this union of the Armenian pedlar and the Tartar lady, sprang that Constantine V., whose infantile feat, on being plunged into the baptismal font by the Patriarch of Constantinople, gained for him the undesirable appellation of Copronymus. Other authorities say that the name was derived from the fact that Leo, to show his contempt for orthodoxy, would not allow water to be used at the baptism of Constantine, but an unsavory mixture, the stain of which will cling to the Imperial title of Constantine for ever." (Doran, pp. 55-56)

"...In view of the bed-wetting and smell of the eunuchs, and the identification of the emperor with his chief eunuch, the nickname by which one of the Constantines was known throughout his life becomes doubly significant: he was called 'Copronymous,' which means 'the Pisser.'..." (Patterson, p. 328)

Byzantine Emperor, 780-797
the Blind

Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos
Monomakhos
Constantine Eurgetes
Monomakh
the One Who Fights Alone
the Single Combatant
the Single Combat Man
the Well-Born.

"...The epithet of Monomachus (the single combatant) must have been expressive of his valour and victory in some public or private quarrel; but it was merely a hereditary surname, and had no more relation to the qualities of the individual than the surnames of Skleros Kekaumenos, and many others of the same period, or than Champion or Boxer in the present day." (Finlay, p. 424)

KONSTANTINOS XI (1404-1453)
Byzantine Emperor, 1449
[Bio1] [Bio2] [Bio3]
Dragases
the Last
the Marble Emperor
the Sleeping Hero

Kosem Sultan (1589-1651)
a. k. a. Kosem Walide

Regent of the Ottoman Empire, 1623-1651, for her sons, Murad IV, and Ibrahim I and grandson, Mehmed IV

"...Her full influence now became apparent when her minor son Murad IV ascended the throne in 1032/1623 and she thus became officially the Walide Sultan, ruling as regent for five years till her son was old enough to take up the reins of power himself... Even thereafter, Murad greatly respected his mother's opinions, and she took a close interest in state affairs when he was away from the capital... Together with the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha she became most active in affiars when Ibrahim succeeded to the throne after Murad's death on...9 February 1640, especially as her son gradually became more and more involved with his concubines... Kosem Walide had exercised power in public affairs for nearly 30 years. She left much wealth and estates, and much of her income was devoted to charitable and other humanitarian works... Also from these revenues she financed irrigation works in Egypt and provided relief for the poor in Mecca. In fact, she left behind in the popular Turkish mind a reputation for magnanimity, generosity and high intelligence." (Singh, pp. 423-424)

the Lawgiver, Law-giver, Lawmaker (Tur. Kanuni): "Kroum's military luck and huge territorial acquisitions often overshadow a number of important steps he made during his rule, for example his involvement in law making which paved the way for the complete feudalization of the country (according to some ancient authors' perhaps exaggerated reports, the Khan even ordered his people to root out all vines, in order to protect them from the drinking vice). Nevertheless, his extraordinary personality has impressed many prominent Europeans for long centuries. His legislation was specially mentioned in Montaigne's works; Francois Rabelais, this great mocker, described Kroum's state as a country where there had been no treachery, slander and theft. He was also the prototype of Prospero in Shakespeare's "The Tempest", one of Grifius' characters in Germany, and Corneille's - in France." (Wonderland Bulgaria)

the Terrible: Krum was given " . . . the nickname of Strashny (the Terrible): a stern ruler, merciless to his enemies. . . ." (macedoniainfo.com -- Tsar Krum)

the Mother of Poor People: " . . . Kunigunda from Sternberg (1422-1449) married later Bohemian King Jiri from Kunstat and Podebrady. She was popular among people for her Hussite faith, people called her 'Mother of poor people. . . ." (The Chateau of Temsniste)
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