Joseph Bonaparte
Comte de Survilliers.
Prince Joseph of France 1804.
Pepe Botella (Joe Bottle):
Jose Ruiz de Araña y Saavedra, Duke of Baena.
Jose Maria Ruiz de Araña, Vizconde de Mamblas:
Captain Araña Ruiz?:
el Pollo Araña:
il Dottore (by King Ferdinand of Naples):
the Enlightened Despot:
the Hatted King, King With a Hat:
--" . . . Joseph II became the Hungarian and Czech king (King of Bohemia). However, he did not present himself for coronation, and thus the Hungarian Nobility in particular referred to him by the derisive nickname 'Hat King.'. . ." (Bartl: 86)
--" . . . In Hungary he was called "the hatted king" because he refused to be crowned. . . ." (History of Transylvania-Biographies)
--" . . . Joseph II, Maria Theresa's son, who succeeded his mother in 1780, was the first king who refused to be crowned. He felt a reluctance to swear fidelity to the constitution, and to promise, by a solemn oath, to govern the country in accordance with its ancient usages and laws. The people, therefore, never called him their crowned king; he was either styled emperor by them, or nicknamed the 'kalapos' (hatted king). . . ." (The Story of Hungary: 375)
--. " . . . The so-called 'King with the hat,' Joseph II (ruled 1780-1790), had refuse to crown himself with the Holy Crown which had been a symbol of national unity---as king of Hungary so he was not bound to follow the Hungarian constitution and guarantee equal and, among other things, peaceful treatment of the nationalities." (Lazar: 203)
the Father of Modern Espionage:
the Father of the Modern Police State:
the Father of Modern Political Espionage:
Boyle of the Klondike: "Everyone close to the court was aware of Queen Marie's weakness, her attraction to good-looking young men. Among them was a Canadian, a certain war hero called captain Joseph Boyle --- also known as the 'Boyle of the Klondike.' Best known, however, was her lengthy affair with Prince Barbu Stirbey who undoubtedly fathered two of her children, including Princess Ileana, who bore a remarkable resemblance to the prince." (Dracula's Bloodline: A Florescu Family Saga: 133)
the Faithless:
Don John of Austria
the Victor of the Battle of Lepanto.
the King of Tunis (by the Pope)
the Moorish Hannibal
the Vanquisher of the Turks
the Victor of Lepanto.
the Moorish Hannibal
the Vanquisher of the Turks
the Victor of Lepanto.
la Beltraneja:
--" . . . The legitimacy of her claim to the throne was publicly questioned as Isabel and her supporters insisted that Juana was not Enrique's own child but was instead the daughter of the king's principal minister, Beltran de la Cueva. Accordingly, she was saddled with the infamous nickname 'la Beltraneja.'. . . ."(Drees: 265)
--"The tactic of discrediting and thereby disinheriting a claimant to the Castilian throne is a familiar and successful one; Isabella herself employed it against her niece and rival Juana la Beltraneja. It was not enough to declare her rival illegitimate; Isabella forced that Juana to renounce her claims and then 'imprisoned' her; la Beltraneja was consigned to holy orders and 'condemned' to life in a convent. There is little doubt now that she was not illegitimate but was in fact her father's legitimate daughter and thus rightful queen of Castile. . . ." (Jansen,: 78)
the Excellent Lady:
Jules de Canouville.
One of the Army Dandies (by Marbot):
Jules Mazarin (Cardinal).
the Most Honest Man in France. " . . . Anne of Austria called him 'the most honest man in France,' and on the death of Louis XIII, fearing that the Duc d'Orleans or the Prince de Conde should carry off the Dauphin and reign in his name, she placed the child in his care. . . ." (Frey: 214)
Jocasta: " . . . Towards the end of his life there were rumors that he and his mother, Julia Domna, were incestuous. The people of Alexandria, Egypt nicknamed Julia "Jocasta" and Caracalla they called "Oedipus." (In the story of Oedipus the king, Oedipus unknowingly has children by his mother.). . . ." (Ancient Roman History)
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| Emperor Julian the Apostate @Wikipedia |
"A surname given to Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus), a Roman emperor (c. 331-63), from his having renounced the Christian faith (in which he was brought up) for paganism."
"Julian was the last Roman non-Christian emperor. He rejected Christianity in favor of Neoplatonic paganism. For this reason, he has been vilified by most Christian sources, beginning with John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus in the later 4th century and acquired the epithet "Apostate". Although this is a Greek word, in Greek, his preferred epithet is 'Paravates' meaning 'violator'." (Byzantine Chronicle)
"His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplatonic Hellenism in its place, caused him to be remembered as Julian the Apostate by the Christian Church." (Wikipedia)
Lady Betty Bosom:
the Infanta of Kent:
--"Juliana inherited all the vast wealth and estates in Kent. She was only four years old when her father died, and wardship was granted to her grandfather in 1308. On his death, a year later, Sir Aylmer de Valance paid 1,500 pounds for the rights of her wardship, and married her to his nephew, Sir John Hastings, in 1321. She became a widow after three years of marriage and re-married to Sir Thomas de Blount, who himself died four years later. She then married Sir Thomas de Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon. Through her three marriages, Juliana became even wealthier and her estates were now so vast that she was called the 'Infanta of Kent'. Although most of her estates were held in trust, she held Leybourne Manor and Castle in her own right. Her last years were spent at Preston, near Wingham, where she died in 1367, leaving a massive estate for the time of 3,160 pounds 13 pence." (A History of Leybourne Castle: 14)
--"Sir William de Leybourne was the last of that family name to live at the castle Leybourne outside the small town of Leybourne in Kent. His son Thomas had died in a duel and so all his lands passed onto Sir William’s granddaughter Juliana de Leybourne who owned so much land in Kent that she was called the ‘The Infanta of Kent,’ but when she married the Earl of Huntington all her estates passed on to his family. With the death of the last male heir of Sir William, the King of England, Edward I (1274-1307), gave the manor of Leybourne to the Abbey of St. Mary Graces monasteries. However in the reign of Henry V111 (1509-1547), he was responsible for the dissolution of all monasteries and so over the next century it gradually fell into ruins." (Wakeling)
the Russian Lady of Milan:
the Dazzling Beauty (by Alexander I of Russia)
the Fontenelle of Women (by Saint Beuve)
the Foster Mother of Philosophers
the Muse of the Encyclopedia.
la Bella Juliette:
Julius II (Pope).
A Second Mars: "A nickname given to Pope Julius II (Julian della Rovere). He was himself beyond all suspicion of selfish designs of aggrandizement, but his public career during his pontificate was almost entirely devoted to political and military enterprises for the complete re-establishment of papal sovereignty in its ancient territory---and the extinction of foreign domination and foreign influence in Italy. One of the great ideas of his mind was a holy war, in which he was to take command against the Turks, and as a political sovereign he is described as of a noble soul, full of lofty plans for the glory of Italy; but as an ecclesiastical ruler he has little to recommend him in the eyes of churchmen. Symonds, in his Sketches and Studies in Southern Europe (11, 200), says:---'After Sextus came the blood-stained Borgia, and after him Julius II, whom the Romans in triumphal songs proclaim a second Mars, and who turned, as Michael Angelo expressed it, the chalices of Rome into swords and helms." (Sobriquets and Nicknames, Vol 1888: 316)
the Warrior Pope: ". . . Rather than become a jealous, passive martyr as others in his position might have done, or spend time scheming to bring about his cousin's downfall, Giuliano concentrated instead on honing and improving his own skills and abilities. He had an innate sense of survival, an instinct for management, and a fondness of the military that in later years was to earn him the title of 'Warrior Pope'. Rather than simply existing on the periphery of the Vatican court, conscious of his second-class status, Giuliano became Sixtus' troubleshooter. He went out across the Italian papal states, arbitrating in disturbances and insurrections. In June 1474 Giuliano was sent to Todi, a hill town north of Rome whose lord a Guelph, and therefore a supporter of the papacy, had been murdered. The province had descended into anarchy. At the head of a troop of soldiers, Giuliano, entered the city and succeeded in quelling the disturbances. He had similar success at the Umbrian cities of Spoleto and Citta di Castello and began to enjoy his warrior-like image. On Giuliano's return to Rome from Citta di Castello on 9 September 1494, one observer wrote, 'All the cardinals had been instructed to go and meet him, but the hardy Ligurian was too early for them. Before the sun had risen he was at the church of Santa Maria del Popolo [sponsored by the della Rovere family]." (The Pope's Daughter: The Extraordinary Life of Felice della Rovere: 5)
Germanicus: " . . . Julius Caesar (was) known as 'Germanicus' for his successful campaigns in Germany, where he defeated the tribes which had ambushed the Roman legions at Teutoburg. . . ."
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| Julius Jacob von Haynau the Hyena of Brescia @Wikipedia |
" . . . While these sources are fairly homogeneous in vilifying Haynau as one of the most evil persons of the time, the role of popular culture in fostering and perpetuating this image has been inadequately analyzed in scholarly literature. In particular, what deserves closer scrutiny is how caricatures and their various captions (Habsburg tiger; Austrian butcher; hangman of Arad; wolf of Arad; hyena of Brescia; woman-flogger) contributed to the making and manipulation of Haynau's image in the Western media. . . ." (The Women-flogger, General Hyena": Images of Julius Jacob von Haynau (1786-1853), Enforcer of Imperial Austria @researchgate.net)
" . . . In Britain however his savagery was to earn comparison with a less noble beast and he became commonly known as “General Hyena”." ((The Story of General Haynau @brewerhistory.com)
the Austrian Butcher.
"Haynau went the rounds of a distinguished foreign visitor and in due course arrived in Southwark and signed his name in the visitors’ book at the Anchor, prior to viewing the wonders of the brewery in all its mid-Victorian splendour. But before the ink of his signature was dry, the office clerks were spreading the news of his arrival, shouting 'Down with the Austrian butcher.'"
"Haynau’s military career had begun in the Napoleonic wars and though a competent soldier he also demonstrated qualities of cruelty, arrogance and blind devotion to his superiors which a century later might have brought him to dizzy heights in the Nazi party. In Italy he was to earn the reputation of “Butcher of Brescia”, when he followed up his suppression of a revolt in that town in April 1849 by shootings, hangings and floggings. . . ." (The Humbling of 'General Hyena' 1850 @dawlishchronicles.com)
the Habsburg Tiger (by his soldiers)
"The story of General Julius Jacob von Haynau is somewhat illustrative of the problems which caused a steady decline in the fortunes of the Austrian Empire. A very controversial figure in his own time, loved by some, hated by others, his case is also indicative of the monarchist position in Europe today. During the Revolutions of 1848 he played an instrumental role in the preservation of the Hapsburg monarchy when the Austrian Empire teetered on the brink of destruction. Some regarded him distastefully as an unpleasant but necessary tool in the Austrian arsenal while others in Austria openly hailed him as a war hero and a savior of the monarchy, his troops dubbing him 'the Hapsburg Tiger'. . . ." (The Mad Monarchist)
the Hangman of Arad (by Hungarians): " . . . The most famous (or infamous for most of Hungary) of these mass executions was the hanging of thirteen rebel Hungarian generals at Arad on October 6, 1849. For his success in suppressing rebellion, von Haynau was honored in Vienna and for leading them to victory his soldiers adored him. However, in Hungary he gained another nickname, 'the Hangman of Arad'." (The Mad Monarchist)
"In April 1849 the Hungarian parliament deposed the Hapsburgs and elected their leader Louis Kossuth as Governor. He issued a declaration of Hungarian independence and entered Budapest in June in triumph. His rule lasted only a few weeks: the Austrian army under the command of General Haynau crushed the insurrection. Haynau then permitted and exercised the most extreme brutalities in his ruthless suppression of the defeated kingdom. When news of these further cruelties reached England he was nicknamed the “Hyena” by the press." (The Story of General Haynau @brewerhistory.com)
"Field Marshal Baron von Haynau, a brutal commander of the Austrian Empire, was known as ‘the Hyena’; he had earned this nickname by torturing prisoners and flogging women, while suppressing revolts in Italy and Hungary in 1848." (Today in London tourist history, 1850: ‘Down with the Austrian butcher!’ @pasttenseblog.wordpress.com)
the Hyena of Brescia (by the sufferers of his brutality)
" . . . Julius Jacob von Haynau, known as the 'hyena of Brescia,' was the henchman whom emperor Francis Joseph I sent to put down the uprising in Brescia in 1848. After the defeat of the 1848 Hungarian revolution, Haynau as the military governor of Hungary ordered the execution of the thirteen leading generals of the Hungarian army (on 6 October 1849, in Arad, Transylvania) and the hanging of the moderate prime minister of the first Hungarian ministry, Count Lajos Batthyany (on the same day, in Pest)." (Roth. Disturbing Remains: 233)
" . . . [He] gained notoriety during the Italian campaigns (1848-49) for his ruthless severity, especially at the capture of Brescia, where his flogging of women gained him the nickname the 'Hyena of Brescia.'. . . " (Houghton Mifflin Co.: 701)
" . . . The commanding besieger was the Habsburg general Baron Julius of Haynau (1786-1853), who was known as the Hyena of Brescia, as he had sentence some women to be whipped after his repression of a rising in the Lombardian town. And in Arad (in modern-day western Romania) in autumn 1849 this same cruel general was brutally sentencing to death 13 commanders of the Hungarian insurgents, the Martyrs of Arad. Field Marshal Count Joseph Radetzky (1766-1858), who in 1849 as commander-in-chief of the imperial troops would subdue the Italian combatants for independence, compared Haynau with a razor blade 'that you have to put back into its case after use with caution'." (Schuster. Moving the Stars: 119)
"General Haynau had earned in the Hungarian War an odious reputation as a flogger of women. . . ." (The Letters of Queen Victoria)
Rhinotmetus (the Cut-Nosed, the Slit-Nosed):
--"Justinian II Rhinotmetos (685-695 and 705-711) was first deposed by Leontios, who subjected the defeated monarch to a typical punishment for same: rhinokopia, or mutilation of the nose. It was believed that a disfigured man could not serve as emperor. However, after an adventure-filled interregnum, Justinian re-took Constantinople. It is said that he hid his disfigurement with a prosthetic nose fashioned of pure gold. The sobriquet "Rhinotmetos" means "cut nose." After this, rhinokopia was never used again." (Uthman)
" . . . Heavy taxation led to an uprising against him in 695, and he was exiled to the Crimea after being mutilated: his nose was cut off, and he was given the nickname 'Split-Nose'. He returned to power in 705, backed by Slav and Bulgar troops. . . ." (Walsh: 348)
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